The General Prologue (lines 208-308)

   

  A frere ther was, a wantowne and a merye,
A lymytour
, a ful solempne man.
In alle the ordres foure is noon that kan
So muchel of daliaunce
and fair langage.
He hadde maad ful many a mariage
Of yonge wommen at his owene cost.
Unto his ordre he was a noble post
.
Ful wel biloved and famulier was he
With frankeleyns
over al in his contree,
And eek
with worthy wommen of the toun;
For he hadde power of confessioun,
As seyde hymself, moore than a curat
parish priest ,
For of
his ordre he was licenciat. licensed (to hear confession)
Ful swetely herde he confessioun,
And plesaunt was his absolucioun:

He was an esy man to yeve penaunce,
Ther as he wiste
to have a good pitaunce. donation of food
For unto a povre ordre for to yive

Is signe that a man is wel yshryve
;
For if he yaf
, he dorste make avaunt, dared to assert
He wiste
that a man was repentaunt;
For many a man so hard is of his herte,
He may nat wepe, althogh hym soore smerte.
sorely smart (suffer)
Therfore in stede of wepynge and preyeres
Men moote yeve
silver to the povre freres.
His typet
was ay farsed ful of knyves
And pynnes, for to yeven
faire wyves.
And certeinly he hadde a murye note:
merry singing voice
Wel koude he synge and pleyen on a rote;
stringed instrument
Of yeddynges
he baar outrely the pris.
His nekke whit was as the flour-de-lys
;
Therto he strong was as a champioun
champion (athlete) .
He knew the tavernes wel in every toun
And everich hostiler
and tappestere
Bet
than a lazar or a beggestere; beggar woman
For unto swich
a worthy man as he
Acorded nat
, as by his facultee,
To have with sike
lazars aqueyntaunce.
It is nat honest
, it may nat avaunce, advance (be profitable)
For to deelen with no swich poraille,
such poor people
But al with riche and selleres of vitaille
.
And over al, ther as profit sholde arise,
Curteis he was and lowely of servyse.
Ther nas
no man nowher so vertuous.
He was the beste beggere in his hous;
(and yaf a certeyne ferme
for the graunt; grant (of territorial rights)
Noon of his bretheren cam ther in his haunt
;)
For thogh a wydwe
hadde noght a sho, shoe
So plesaunt was his in principio,
in the beginning, a devotional
Yet wolde he have a ferthyng, er he wente.
His purchas
was wel bettre than his rente.
And rage
he koude, as it were right a whelp.
In love-dayes
ther koude he muchel help,
For ther he was nat lyk a cloysterer
With a thredbare cope
, as is a povre scoler,
But he was lyk a maister
or a pope.
Of double worstede was his semycope,
short cloak
That rounded as a belle out of the presse
.
Somwhat he lipsed
, for his wantownesse,
To make his Englissh sweete upon his tonge;
And in his harpyng, whan that he hadde songe,
His eyen twynkled in his heed aryght,
As doon the sterres
in the frosty nyght.
This worthy lymytour was cleped
Huberd.

A marchant was ther with a forked berd,
In mottelee
, and hye on horse he sat;
Upon his heed a Flaundryssh
bever hat,
His bootes clasped faire and fetisly
.
His resons
he spak ful solempnely,
Sownynge
alwey th' encrees of his wynnyng.
He wolde
the see were kept for any thyng
Bitwixe Middelburgh and Orewelle.
Wel koude he in eschaunge sheeldes
selle.
This worthy man ful wel his wit bisette
:
Ther wiste
no wight that he was in dette,
So estatly
was he of his governaunce
With his bargaynes and with his chevyssaunce.
lending with interest
For sothe
he was a worthy man with alle, in every way
But, sooth
to seyn, I noot how men hym calle.

A clerk ther was of Oxenford also,
That unto logyk hadde
longe ygo.
As leene was his hors as is a rake,
And he nas nat right fat, I undertake,
But looked holwe
, and therto sobrely.
Ful thredbare was his overeste courtepy;
outer cloak
For he hadde geten hym yet no benefice,
ecclesiastical position
Ne was so worldly for to have office.
government office work
For hym was levere
have at his beddes heed
Twenty bookes, clad in blak or reed
,
Of Aristotle and his philosophie,
Than robes riche, or fithele
, or gay sautrie. ornate psaltery (stringed instrument)
But al be that he was a philosophre,
Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre;
But al that he myghte of his freendes hente
,
On bookes and on lernynge he it spente,
And bisily gan
for the soules preye
Of hem that yaf hym wherwith
to scoleye. go to school
Of studie took he moost cure
and moost heede,
Noght o
word spak he moore than was neede,
And that was seyd in forme
and reverence,
And short and quyk and ful of hy sentence;
deep meaning
Sownynge in
moral vertu was his speche,
And gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche.



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o A lymytour had exclusive rights to a certain area to beg, hear confessions, preach and bury. The four orders of mendicant friars were the Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, and Augustinians. See New Advent.




o The suggestion is that he married the young women off after getting them pregnant. Thus, post may be a double entendre with sexual connotations.


















o For the Ellesmere Ms. illustration of the Friar (with typet), see Zatta.




















o These two lines, designated 252a and 252b, are missing in many manuscripts.

























o Middelburg in Holland and Orwell (Ipswich) in England were important ports for the cross-channel wool trade.








o He was an advanced student, having long ago finished the first course of study, the trivium: logic, rhetoric, and grammar. See UNBC. For an image of the Clerk from the Ellesmere Ms., see Zatta.      Edwin Duncan












o Alchemists, who could reputedly turn lead into gold, were also called philosophers.









 


Lines 118-207
    Lines 309-410